《保险研究》20220808-《我国城镇职工的养老保障水平及变化》（高程玉、王亚柯）

［摘   要］本文利用1995、2002、2007、2013和2018年家庭收入调查CHIP数据,基于养老金替代率、养老金相对水平和退休收入替代率等多种指标,估算我国城镇职工的养老保障水平及变化,并与其他国家进行国际比较。研究发现,在1995~2018年,三种指标均显示,我国城镇职工的养老保障在1995年位于较高水平,在75%~80%之间；之后逐渐下降,于2018年有所回升,在50%~65%区间。而且,不同单位性质、性别、年龄和受教育水平群体间的养老保障水平有所差异。与其他国家相比,我国城镇职工的养老保障水平较为适度,但主要依赖于第一支柱基本养老保险制度,企业年金和个人养老金等第二、三支柱的发展较为薄弱。本研究为促进我国基本养老保险制度的可持续发展,加快推进多层次、多支柱养老保险体系建设提供了学术基础和政策依据。

［关键词］养老保障水平；养老金替代率；养老金相对水平；退休收入替代率

［基金项目］国家社科基金项目“机关事业单位养老保险制度改革研究”(17BSH140)；对外经济贸易大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(ZD4-01)。

［作者简介］高程玉,中国银保监会博士后科研工作站博士后,研究方向:社会保障、收入分配；王亚柯(通讯作者),对外经济贸易大学金融学院教授、博士生导师,研究方向:社会保障、家庭金融。

The Pension Protection Level of Urban Workers in China

GAO Cheng-yu,WANG Ya-ke

Abstract：Based on the household income surveys′ CHIP statistics in 1995,2002,2007,2013 and 2018,this paper estimated the pension protection levels and changes of China′s urban workers based on various indicators such as pension replacement rate,pension relative level and retirement income replacement rate,and made an international comparison with other countries.The study found that from 1995 to 2018,all three indicators showed that the pension protection level of urban workers in China was at a high level in 1995,standing between 75% and 80%.After that,it gradually decreased and then recovered in 2018,falling within the range of 50%-65%.Moreover,there were differences in the pension protection level among groups with different employer nature,gender,age and education level.Compared with other countries,the pension protection level for urban workers in China was relatively moderate,but it mainly depended on the first pillar of the basic pension insurance system.The development of the second and third pillars such as enterprise annuity and commercial pension was relatively weak.This study provides academic basis and policy basis for promoting the sustainable development of China′s basic pension insurance system and accelerating the construction of the multi-level and multi-pillar pension insurance system.

Key words：pension protection level;pension replacement rate;pension relative level;retirement income replacement rate